Colorful

Carmine

Composition and Properties of Carmine

The name carmine is used for two similar pigments derived from different insects. Cochineal is produced from (Dactylopius coccus) a scale insect living as a parasite on the cacti mainly in South America. The main colorant of this pigment is carminic acid.The second pigment is derived from another scale insect called kermes which lives as a parasite on the tree Scarlet oak. The main coloring agent, in this case, is kermesic acid.The pigment is not very stable unless it is stored in a dry place and is not lightfast and fades even under incandescent illumination. It cannot be used in acidic and alkaline conditions.

Names

Cochenile, cochineal, kermesCochineal: Natural red 4 (NR 4), C.I. 75470Kermes: Natural red 3 (NR 3), C.I. 75460Cochineal: from French cochenille (16c.), probably from Spanish cochinilla, from a diminutive of Latin coccinus “scarlet-colored,” from coccum “berry (actually an insect) yielding scarlet dye” But some sources identify the Spanish source word as cochinilla “wood louse” (a diminutive form related to French cochon “pig”). From Online Etymology DictionaryKermes: from Medieval Latin cremesinus, from Arabic qirmiz “kermes,” from Sanskrit krmi-ja a compound meaning “(red dye) produced by a worm.” From Online Etymology Dictionary

Preparation

The preparation of carmine always consists of two steps. The dried insects are first boiled in water in order to extract the carminic or kermesic acid. The second step is the precipitation of the pigment by adding alum to the clear filtered solution. Aluminum ions contained in alum form a complex salt of the intense crimson-red colour.

History of Use

Cochineal was used in the Americas for dyeing textiles as early as 700 B.C. Kermes is mentioned in the Old Testament and it was used as a pigment since ancient times. The excellent review of B. Anderson gives a thorough account of the history of cochineal and its use in oil painting (1). The scientists of the National Gallery London investigated paintings in their gallery and found carmine in a multitude of them (2).Examples of use

Quote

Alex Rocco - Carmine Falcone

Source: Batman: Year One (film)

Carmine Crocco (June 5, 1830 – June 18, 1905), known as Donatello, was an Italian brigand. A former Bourbon soldier, he took to banditry after killing a comrade and, hoping for a pardon, he joined Garibaldi's "Expedition of the thousand" but his criminal act wasn't cleared. Thus he became the leader of the Bourbon resistance, leading an army of 2000 men, mostly composed by poor laborers and former soldiers of the army of the Two Sicilies. Despite his controversial deeds and behaviour, many people of southern Italy and in particular in his native region Basilicata, consider him a folk hero.

Source: Carmine Crocco

John Doman - Carmine Falcone (Season 1-4)

Source: Gotham (TV series)

Jeremy Renner - Mayor Carmine Polito

Source: American Hustle

But Nolan's film gives us an interesting new twist. After 13 years in the joint, this mugger is up for a parole court hearing, proposing to offer inside information that could convict Gotham's biggest villain Carmine Falcone (Tom Wilkinson). It turns into a Jack Ruby-style bloody fiasco; Bruce flees abroad to find himself and brood on who the real bad guys are, and winds up thrown in jail in China where he encounters a mysterious sect of righteous assassins, led by Liam Neeson, who propose to instruct him in the vocation of the masked avenger. This is the movie's big influence: a wholesale borrowing from the new wave of action movies like Hero and House of Flying Daggers. Batman's big credibility gap has always been that he is the superhero without superpowers. Nolan's film imports the concept of Asian martial arts to bolster Batman's credentials. Back home, the young corporate princeling works on his new persona, with the help of his butler and confidant Alfred, amiably played by Michael Caine. As Batman, Bale does look quite creepy, especially close up, his mouth and chin transformed into something bestial - with a growling voice that drops an octave when in character. His batmobile isn't the sleek black convertible of old but a chunkier Humvee-ish ride, more suitable for paranoid urban combat and originally designed for the military by the Wayne group's tech maestro (played by Morgan Freeman). Bale brings to this some of his American Psycho performance, a rich loner compulsively assuming a new identity to purge his self-loathing, and indeed ambiguous loathing of a father who failed to stand up for himself. Certainly, the muddy colours of Nolan's visual palette make everything look appropriately dark - and dark is what so many movies nowadays claim to be, perhaps confusing darkness with factor, however, by casting Cillian Murphy as an unprincipled psychiatrist who specialises depth. (I am tempted to say: you want dark? Try the daylit nightmares of Neil LaBute or Michael Haneke.) Nolan certainly intensifies his own darkness-visible in getting obvious villains off on insanity charges, and is involved in a plot to use a fear-inducing poison gas. Murphy, with his uniquely sinister good looks and sensuous, predatory mouth, is the scariest actor I know. Peter Bradshaw, "BATMAN BEGINS", The Guardian, (16 JUN 2005).

Source: Batman Begins

Carmine Giovinazzo as Detective Danny Messer (2004–2013)

Source: CSI: NY